..客᪨ ().  ᪨ .. ய⪨ "   
 ᬮ७  饣 ? (1873)
饨⥭ 䠪 ⥫쭮  ..ய⪨  ॢ樮  ய  ᨨ.  
1872 .,  ६   ࠭,  ਬ  㭨᪮  I ୠ樮,    
, 㯨  ⮬    ⠪ 뢠 㦮 "砩楢". ய⪨,   㣨 "砩", 
   ᪨ ࠡ稬,    ணࠬ  ⥫쭮 ୠ樮1. 
 ࠡ祣 㦪,  ᯮ ய⪨, 뫨  ன  1873 . 㦥 쥧 
ࠧ:  ய⪨   ,  "᢮  ࠤ쭮  樠᪮ 
ன ⮣ ६,  , ᠫ, , , 죠 ⠫   묨 . 
 ࠧ  ᪨  祬 ⫨砫  㤥⮢.     "  
ࠡ⭮ ",  ᮢ 졥  ᮢ ᠬᮧ,  ⨢,  ⠪   ᢮ -  
,  樢樨,  "2. 設⢮  ࠡ 㤨   ஭ .
..ய⪨   襩  "砩楢"   ᥬ-. ,  ᯮ ⭨ 
⮣ 㦪 ..設, ய⪨ " ᢮   ७ ࠧ    
騥 ᨬ⨨.      ਢ窠, ࠡ⠭  ।饩 ,   
襫     㦪,     ᭮ ᯫ祭 ᥬ  襣 ᮭ"3. 
祬, ய⪨  ᪮쪮 ᮡ   㦪:    ⮫쪮  
஬, ண  뫨 襭  㣨  ⮢,   ।  ⭮ ᯮ 娧, 
  ⥮᪨   모 筮 㤠.  祬  ..ய⪨   
1873 .  쬥 ଥ "䨪஢  த ணࠬ 襣 㦪, 䨧 ண  
 ࠪ᪮ ⥫쭮 㦥  筮 ⥯ ।.   뫮    ᠬ, 
ᯮ   ..設, -    ⤥ [ 㣨 த?- ..],     
ப 㣮 , 襢塞 ⥬  ᢮⥫묨 ﬨ,   ,    
襩 ⥬ ⮬,      嫥⭥ ࠡ  ࠡ祩 ।    
᪮. ணࠬ , , ᪮॥, ᭨⥫쭠 ᪠   뢮,    諨  
᢮ ࠪ᪮ ⥫쭮,  뫠  ⥫쭮 ⨢஢.   
᭨ ᪨   ᭮ 襩 ࣠樨, ⨯ ,  ⭮襭  ࠧ ᫮ 
ᥫ ,  ⭮,  ய᪮ ࠡ祬    訬 ᪨ 㡥 
.     㦪  뫮  ⮫쪮 - ᠭ ணࠬ,   뫮    
 "4.
ணࠬ ᪠ ..ய⪨ "    ᬮ७  饣 ⢠?" 
뫠 ⮢ ⮬ 1873 .,   㦤  㦪 "砩楢"    㡫  ᭮ 
 㦤  .   뫠 ⠭ ( , ⮩  III ⤥)  1921 . 
ୠ "뫮" (N 17).   "᪮" ..ய⪨ ⠭ 㪮 "ணࠬ 
ॢ樮 ய".  饥 ६ 㯯 ᫥⥫: ..⥭࣮, ..ਭ  
. - ⠭,  ᫥ "ணࠬ" ਭ  襣  ..ய⪨ 
ᠭ5.  "᪨" ..ய⪨    ᯨ᪠   뫨 ⮡࠭  㤥 
.⥩    18  1874 . ⮫᪨  ,   1921 . 㪮 
뫠 㡫  訬 ய᪠  ᪠ﬨ, 騬 ᢮ 砫  70- . XIX .6  
 "᪨"  .2  ⪠ ᠬ ..ய⪨: "㪮  ᠭ  㪮"7. 
᪠ 㡫 㬥 뫠 ⢫  1964 . (뫪 .  ਬ. 5). 
᪠ "    ᬮ७  饣 ⢠?" ।⠢ ᮡ 
뤠騩 ணࠬ 㬥 ࠭ த⢠. ᫥묨 ﬨ  易  
᫥騬 ணࠬ묨 㬥⠬ த 70-80- . ஬ ⮩ "᪥" 㤥 
讥    - ᮢ६ ..ய⪨,  ਪ ⢥ ᫨  
ॢ樮   ᨨ.  ।⠢⥫ 㣨 ⥩     
ய⪨᪮ 㬥  . 筮 ᪠,    1922 ., ࠧ ᫥ 
㡫樨 ਠ "᪨", ..᪠,  ᪮砢襣 ॢ樮, ""  
  㯮8.  ᢥ     뢠饬,  , ᫥, 饭 
鸞 ய⪨  ॢ9.
᪠ 﫠   ⥩.  ࢮ ᬠਢ  饣 ⢥ .   
᭮,  ᫨ ..ய⪨,     ࠢ⢠, 饭  ࠢ   
, ࠢ ࠧ,  ࠢ.  ᮬ  ⮬,  童 㦪 "砩楢" 
। 樠᪮ ன⢮ 饣 ⢠.   ᮢ  ᥡ  ய⪨. 
  㬥 મ ࠧ  㠫 ᪨ ஭ ஢७ : 
騩 ன ࠦ  "᪥"  㤠⢥,  䥤 ᪨  
஬諥 騭,  稭 業ࠫ쭮 .  ⥫쭮 : "  
室   䥤ࠫ⮢ ୠ樮  栥 㤠⢥ ਭ樯 㣮"10.
  "᪨" ய⪨   ⨦  樠쭮 .  ⮣ 㦭 
ॢ, ᮢ蠥   த.  ⮢  ⢫   ᮧ 
ॢ樮 ⨨, 饩  । ⥫樨, ᮧ⥫  ⥫ 
।⠢⥫   த᪨ ࠡ. 祩 ॢ樮 ⨨ ய⪨ ⠫ ⮢ 
த ⠭.  ॢ樮 ⥫樨?- ࠡ  த ।,    
ॢ  த 諥 த, ࠧ ᠬ ७ ⪨ 
饣 , 㡥  ꥤ ᢮ ᨫ    㣭⥫ﬨ.  ᥫ  
ॢ ॢ樮   ᮧ 㦪   ᮧ⥫ , 
࣠뢠  㦨   ॢ樮 㯫, ᮧ뢠 ꥧ 
।⠢⥫ 㦪,  ᨫ  ﭨ  ப  த,   뢠  
᪨ ⥫11.
  ࠡ "砩楢"  த, ..ய⪨ ४  "᪥" ࠭ 
 । ࠡ,    ॢ樮 ய, ⮢ ஫ਥ  ⥫쭮 
। , ࣠뢠 窨, ⨢ 祣, , ࠦ 設⢮ "砩楢". 
襥  "᪠" 㤥﫠 䠡,   ᪨ ࠡ稬.
 ..ய⪨, ⪮ ࠪਧ ᢮ ணࠬ "", ᯮ: "  稫 
⠢ ணࠬ 襣 㦪   ⠢ 楫  ᪨ ⠭  砫 墠 
  ᥩ ᮡ⢥,   ஭ 뫨 ⮫쪮 ஢᪠, ࠢ稭᪨, 設  宬஢. 
   뫨 樠⠬"12.  ᠬ  ⨫ 쥧 ࠧ  㦪 "砩楢" 
  ᪨ ६ ᢮ "᪨",  ⠪ 㪠  騥 ஭ ஢७  
"砩楢"?- 樠.   ⨬ 㣫 ७ ணࠬ "᪠" ᬠਢ  訥 
 饣 쭮 ⢥-᪮  ᫥ 樠쭮 ॢ樨,   
  ॢ樮 ࠪ⨪  த. १ ᪮쪮 楢  ஡ ⠫ " 
"  ६ ᮢ "宦  த",   쭥襬 ⠢﫨 ।  ᨩ  
த᪮ ।, 뤢襩  70-80- . XIX . ⪨ ࠧ ணࠬ,  ⮩    
ᮧ ய⪨᪮ "᪥",    ᯠਢ .
묨 ⨪ ணࠬ 㬥 ..ய⪨ "    ᬮ७ 
 饣 ?" ⠫, ᫮, ᠬ 童 㦪. ..設 ᯮ: "⥭ ⮩ 
୮ ᪨, 饩, ᮬ, ᪮ 祭  ४᭮ ᢥ饩 饥 
஥ 楫  稭饣  ᨨ ॢ樮 ,  ᪮쪮 ஢, 
뢠 묨  ન ७ﬨ. "᪠" ᠭ    ..[ய⪨] ⠫⮬ 
  ஡ 뢠饩 ⨢஢  , ஥   ⬥,   
⥫쭮 ⥯ 砫  ᠬ 㦤 "13.
 㦪 "砩楢" ..宬஢ ⠫ ..ய⪨ 㬭  ࠧ 祫 ( 
ᥩ ஭  ࠧ), ࠧ  ᢥ騬, 祬 㣨 "砩".   
"ࠢ ॢ樮  ⠫ 童... ய⪨ ய  .  
㣨 童 뫨 ⨢ ᯮ᪮ ࣠樨 㦪, ⨢ ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 童. 
ய⪨   ਭ㤨⥫ ⥫쭮,  㦪 樯"14.
..,    訩  㦪 "砩楢",  쬠  ᢥ ᢨ⥫, 
ࠪਧ ..ய⪨  ⥫쭮  㡥 , ⮩稢 ஢襣  
㦪 ᢮ . " 뤠騩 ᫨⥫, ய⪨  ⮫쪮 ਭ ⮢ 祭,   
࣠  쭥襩 ࠧࠡ⪥.  ⠫,    ᫨ ய⪨᪮ "᪨" 
뫨  १ ਭ "砩栬": " , ஭ "᪮"  ⮬  㣮 , 
㦤  室. ⥫쭠 ணࠬ,  ன   室,    
⫨砫  ।  "᪥"15.
 ,  த-, ᮢ६ ..ய⪨, ᮪ 業 "", 
ਫ   ﭨ  த᪮ ,  뫨 㤮⢮७ ⥬,  ய⪨ 蠫   
⥣᪨ ஡ 樠쭮 ॢ樨, 饣 ன⢠ ⢠  ਭ樯 樠. 
 ⥬   ᮢ६ ய⪨  堫 ᯮ   "᪨", ⣮᪨  
 ४⨫  ᥣ. ᭮ ꥪ⮬ ᨩ    ⮬, 뫠  ய⪨᪠ 
"᪠" 筮 ਭ 㦪 "砩楢"  ᢮ ணࠬ.  ?-  譨 
ᮣ ⮢.   ⢨⥫쭮 ᯮ   ⮬,  뫠  "砩楢".  
   㦤 "᪨"   . ..誮 ⠫,  㦮 
ਭ ணࠬ "" ய⪨  楫, ࠢ   ९᪨  뫪  ⤥  
㣨 த.  1903 .  裡  訬 ᯮ஬  ⮬, 뫠  ਭ "᪠"  ணࠬ 
㦪 "砩楢", 誮 ⨫  ᮬ  ᠬ ..ய⪨  稫 ᫥騩 ⢥: 
"ᠭ  . ࠢ ᤥ  ६ ७... ᫥ ࠩ  㦤,  ,  
ᮡ ॢ樮 㭪⠬, 設, ஢᪠, ࣥ [ࠢ稭᪨]   ᥣ 뢠   
ࠩ,  뫠 ਭ 訬 ᪨ 㦪. 誮  ९ᠫ  뫪  
஢ 訬  㦪  㦤"16.  ⮬,  "᪠" ..ய⪨ 뫠 ਭ  
⢥ ணࠬ,  㡥  ..᪨, ᠢ訩   1913 .: " ⮫쪮 ,  
     ᢥ ணࠬ 㦪 㦪 "砩楢", ᠭ  ᢮ ६ ய⪨  
ਭ 㦪,     "17.
⥫쭮 ᮣ᭠ 뫠  ⨬,    娧  ஢७ "砩楢",   
⥯ ⠭, ..୨ (஧).  ⢥  ᯥ樠  ..設  ᠫ: 
"  ⠫  ["" - ..] ਭ⮩.  ᯮ ..[],  ਫ ,  
㡫 ணࠬ  饥 ६,   뫠 ⮫쪮 ⠭,   ᮢ.  
⥫⢮ ⢥ত ⥬,  ஥ ணୠ   ⢥     
᫥    ࠢ"18. ,   㦥 , ⥫᪠  ய⪨᪮ 
"᪨" ஢࣠ ன  ..୨, ⥬ ,   ..⥭࣮  
..ਭ  ணࠬ 㬥      ⤥ ਫ  
 ⭮  ⥪ "᪨" 砭,      ⠭19.  ᠥ 
ࢮ  ..୨,  , 筮 ,    ᯮ.   
᪫訩  窥 ७ ..୨ ..設 ਧ,    㭪 "᪨" 
..ய⪨ ࠦ   .  ⠫쭮 ?- " ந    
뢮,   襫 㦮 砩楢"20.  ࠧ, ᠬ ஡  ⮯  ᪥⨪  
⭮襭  ணࠬ ஫ ய⪨᪮ 㬥   ⢥ত ⥯  
冷 "砩楢"  ࠢ  㬥७-ॢ樮 娧.
砫 蠣  ਮ᪮ 業 ணࠬ ᪨ ..ய⪨ "   
 ᬮ७  饣 ?" 뫨 ᤥ ࠧ ᫥ ࢮ  㡫樨.  
ᡮ୨ "  ᥥ ய⪨"  1922 . ⬥砫,   "᪨"  1920 . 뫠 
ࠢ ᠬ ய⪨,  ᯥਫ  ⥪ ⪠  ࠢﬨ.  㤭 
 ࠪ ⮩ ࠢ: ᨫ  ய⪨   ࠢ  ᮮ⢥⢨  砭ﬨ, 
ᤥ묨  1873 .  ⮢頬,  ⥪ "᪨"  ⥫   ᮮ⢥⢨   
㢥 樥 ᢮ .   , । ᡮ୨,    ⠫, ᮪ 業 
஫ ய⪨᪮ "᪨"  楫.  १ 諮, ᮣ᭮ 㤠筮  ।樨,  
⥫   " 193?".  諠, 祢,  ⮩ ᫨ ய⪨,    
ᨬ  ᠬ ࠪ த᪮ ,   뢮饣 ᢮ ਭ  
祭 ..㭨, ..஢, ..祢  㣨 ॢ樮஢-࠭⮢. "᪠" 
ய⪨  뫠 ࠢ⥫ ப  ॢ樮஢-騪, ⠡ 
᫨  ࠧ த᪮   楫. ⮬  뫠 ࠧ   㦥  
ᠭ II21  﫠, 祢,  ࠡ 饣 ࠢ⥫⢥ ॢ樮 .
.. ᤥ  易  "᪨"  ᫥騬 ⢮⢮ ய⪨, ࠢ,  
  ࠢ ᫨.  ⬥砫,    "᪨",  "ய⪨    
 樠⮢,  ᫨  樠   ⮬,  樠   ⢫  
騬 ᨫ ࠡ,   㤮 ⥫樨.   70-  諮 ⮫,   
६,  樠- ਧ ⥫ ॢ樨 ⮫쪮  ࠡ稩 , ஫ਠ,  
樠-த   ॢ樮   , .. ᠫ: "⮫쪮   , 
 ࠡ稩    㪠   뢠 ࠢ⢮  , ॢ    
ਭ  ᥬ 祫..."22.    "᪨",  ⠫,  ய⪨ 
ਧ 室 ꥤ ஬諥  , 㤠 䨧᪮  ⢥. 
 ࠧ   ᮥ த  ॢ,  ⥣樨 ஬諥  ⢥ 㤠  
᪨.  ⢥ ᢨ⥫⢠   ᫥ ய⪨  뫠  
᫥騥 ய⪨᪨ :  "  " (ࢮ  諮  1891?.)  ", 
䠡ਪ  ᪨" (ࢮ  諮  1898 .).
    祭  業 "᪨" ..ய⪨  1920-  ⨢  . 
ࠢ,    ⠬  ⮬, 뫠   ଠ쭮 ਭ 㦪 "砩楢"  
⢥ ணࠬ.  "᪨" ᯮ짮 ⠪  ਪ ⢥ ᫨  
ॢ樮  ..  ࠡ⪨ ᢮ 鸞  㦮 "砩楢"  楫23. , 
 ᮬ,  稬 ᫥ ⥬  ᥩ ⢥ ᪮ 㪥   
1950- . ஬  ⠪ ॡ⥫ ,  ..設, ᠫ  1932 .: " 
᫮ 業  ⥫쭮 믮  ᫥⥫᪮ ࠪ ࠡ"24.   
뢮 ..,  ⮬ ᫥   ய⪨᪮ "᪥", ࠫ  30- - 50-   業 
㦪 "砩楢", ᮤঠ訥   㤠25.  㣨  ᫥ - 
饩 ਮ᪮ 樨   ਮ  﫮.
騬 ⠯ ନ஢ 樨 ..  ⭮襭  "᪥" ..ய⪨ ⠫ 
 " ࠪ⨪  "砩楢". ० ᥣ  ન   ⭮⥫쭮 
஡, 襩 ⮢ ( ਭ⨨  ਭ⨨ "砩栬" ய⪨᪮ "᪨"  
⢥ ணࠬ).  ⮣  뫠     ᯮ ..設, 栢襣  
䠪,   諠   ⮬,  ⠫쭮 ࠧࠡ⠭ ய⪨  ⥫쭮 ࣠樨 
 ᮤঠ 祣 ⠪, "⨢ 祣  뫮  ࠧ, ஬ ࠧ   
㪫"; "ࠦ 襣 ஥,  ᫥, , ﭨ   ᤥ?-  饬,  
  ⭮,  ࠢ쭮   뢠饩 ⮩"26.  ᢮ ࠪ⨪ 
ய⪨᪮ "᪨"     ࠧ⨨ ⢥-த᪮ ᫨  ० ᥣ 
ન  樠᪨ ࠪ, ஭  "樠쭮 ॢ樨".    
뫠 ⠢  யਠ樨  騪  ॢ,  ⠫⮢  த.
   ᫥ "᪨" ..ய⪨ 㤥 ..  冷   
஡ ᪮ , ભ ଠ ⨧ "砩楢"  ਮ, ⤠ 
 ᪮ ॢ. ᫨ 筥 ᪠ ॢ,  ᠬঠ 孥 ᠬ 
ᮡ. ய⪨  ᢮    ⥫쭮 த ⠭, ,  
஢஫⭮. ""  ਫ   த ⠭  室 室 
쥧 "ਣ⮢"  . "஬ ⮢ ⤥ , ࠩ 室, ⮡   
  ஭,   ⮫쪮 ,     , ᮧ⥫ ।⠢  
ᮢ㯭  ⭮襭    ᯮᮡ  ன⢠ [...]   ᥩ  
室 ࠧ  ⨪,  ⢨, ᮧ 室  ,  
      ⢨"27.
  騬 ⥣᪨ ﬨ .. ⮭ ⬥⨫  "᪥" ..ய⪨  
 ⠪᪨ ᯥ:  ਥ  ⥫  ந⥫ 樠樨, ⥫쭮 
⭮襭  樨  碥   ᥤ ॡ  㦤   ., "" ᨫ  
⮢ ࠡ 祪.
㡮  ⥫  ணࠬ ᪨ ..ய⪨ "    
ᬮ७  饣 ?", 騩  業 ᠬ  ᥡ,   .. 
 ⠢   楯  뢮  ࠧ  ࠢ  த⢥ 砫 
70??.  ᥩ ஦ 㫨஢, ࠪ  ⮣ 㯭 ਪ, 
०襣   ⠯  ࠧ⨨ ᪮ 㪨,  楫 .. ࠢ ⬥祭 
८  ஢७ 㦪 "砩楢"  娧,  ⥫쭮  㭨,  稥 
। ⮢ ਧ, 祬, ਣ襭  "᪥" ..ய⪨.
㣮  ਪ, ..쬨, ࠧ  졠 ᪮ த⢠  ࠭ 60- - 70- 
 XIX .   砫 70- ., ⠫,    ਮ " ᬥ  ࠧ த⢠ 
[ॢ樮ࠬ-ࠧ稭栬 60- .    ..襢᪨ - ..] 室 㣠"28.
稭  ன  1950- . ਪ, , , 䨫,    
   , ⠫     㬥⠬ த᪮ , 
    , 믮  ய᪨ 楫.   1958 .  ᡮ୨  ਨ 
᪮ ᫨ ..⠥ ந   ய⪨᪮ "᪨" ( 㡫樨 
1921 .  "뫮").   ९⠭  뫠, ..  ᮤন "ࠪ᪨  
ॢ樮 ⥫쭮 । ⢠  ࠡ, ࠭  㦥   
"ணࠬ ॢ樮 ய"29.  ᮣ    ,  
ᠫ: "   ६  ᢮ 㡥 ய⪨  쬠   娧,   ࠧ  
 鸞    饬 㤠⢥.    ਮ  ࠧ﫨  
..஢ (?! - ..). ⮬    ਭ । ய⪨   ⢥ 
᢮ ணࠬ"30.    ..୨ (஧)  ..設 祣   ᠫ!
  ࠡ, ᯥ樠쭮 饭 ..ய⪨,  "᪠" 1873 .   㯮. 
 ᫨  ⥫쭮  䨫䮢,  ⠪  ਪ 㤭᭨31.  ⫨砫 
쥧 室  ⮬ 㬥  㣨 ᯥ樠-⢮. ਬ,  
..楢 饭 ⠥,  " ⮩  ணࠬ,  ਫ  饬 ⢥  
᪮ ஥, ய⪨ ६ ஢  娧,   ࠪ᪨  ⠫ 
  㦪  楫"32.   ..ન,  ..ய⪨, 譥 ⮪  
筮 祭. ભ,     "᪨" ࠧ㬥 ⠪ ன ⢠, ண 
ண ᭮   졥   쬨,    த, ..ન ⬥砥 ᥣ ᪮쪮 
᫥ ய⪨,  ⥬ ,  ய⪨᪨  ਡ⥫, ࠧ  ⮯祭33.
 ਮ᪠ 業  쥧 ᮢ ਨ ࠧ ᫥ 㪨. 
..᪨, ᠢ訩  1966 .  ᪨ ७ ᪮ 娧, ଠ쭮 "᪨" 
..ய⪨   㯮     㤠  樨 "ࠧ祭" ᥣ ⮣,   
ᮮ⢥ ਭ樯 ᨧ-.  ᪨, ᫮, ᯮ짮 "" 
ய⪨, ࠪਧ  ॡ  室  "᪮ 㭨",  
ॢ,    "᪨ ࠪ", 뢠  䥤 " 騭" 
 " 樠権"  ᥫ  த34. ..⨮  ..஢ ⠪  㯮 
"᪨" ய⪨  樮᪨ ७, ⨢  ⮬ 䠪 ⠭ 㦪 
"砩楢"  "  "35.  ਠ ணࠬ ᪨   室 ਢ   
७ ..ய⪨.
 ୥ - ⭥᫨  ணࠬ ᪥ ..ய⪨ ਪ.  60- - 90-  XX  
 㤥﫮 讥 . ..ந檨 㦥  砫 1960- ,  ᢮ , 
ᤥ  । ࠡ, ⠫ 㦮 "砩楢" ("讥 ⢮ ய",   
ନ) ࣠樥 室 ⨯. ணࠬ ᪠ ய⪨,   ,    
뫠 ଠ쭮 ਭ "砩栬"   樠쭯 ணࠬ (४ ᯮ 
..᪮  ..誮, ⭮ 訬  ᫥ ᫥⥫ ),  
  裡  ࠧ஢ 設⢠ 童 㦪   ஥ ணࠬ 饣 
஢᪮ "।!". ᪠ ய⪨ ࠦ  ⮣ 設⢠,   ਧ  
㭨36.  ᫥ ன ࠡ⪨  ࠢ   뫠  䠪᪮ ணࠬ 
㦪. ..ந檨 ⠥,   ࢮ (⥮᪮)  "᪨" ய⪨  㡮 
᪮  ࠪਧ  饣 ?- ᪨ 㭨, " ய⪨ 
᭮뢠 40    ᢮  "६ 㪠  "37. ந檨 ⬥砫,  
ய⪨᪠ "᪠" - ࢠ  ᪨ ॢ樮 ணࠬ, ᮤঠ ᮡ ࠧ, 
饭 ࠡ祬 .  ᮢ "砩楢"  ᠬ  ᥡ,   裡  ᮬ 
᪨. ⮦ ᢮ ࠧ諥  業 "᪨", ந檨 㪠     
ᯥ: "᭮ ᮤঠ ᪨ ।祭  ன  ,    饭 
⮣ ࠪ᪮  "ய⮢"  ᪨ ᭮  ࣠樨  ⪮ 
㫨஢ ணࠬ  ॢ樮 ⥫쭮,  ன  ࠧ  ணࠬ-
 (ॢ樮 ॢ  ஢থ 饣 ), ⠪  ணࠬ-ᨬ 
(樠 ८ࠧ ᫥ ॢ)38.
筮 । ⠪  ணࠬ ᪨ ..ய⪨,  ...  
ਪ 室  ⮣,   ᠢ訥    ਨ த⢠ 訡  ।  
饣 ࠢ. ਬ, .. ⠫ ᪮ த⢮ 1870-  ᪨,  
 뫮  ⢨⥫쭮 㠭᪨39.  ᠥ ।⢥ ய⪨᪮ ᪨,  
?- ᮥ  ⮯᪮ 樠  娧, ९⥭ ࠢ⥫쭮  
⢫. ""᪠" - ந ⮯, 室襣  ⢫祭, ᪨ 
।⠢  ࠧ⨨ 祫᪮ ⢠.    樠᪠ ணࠬ  
⨯筮 㠧 ⮯.  ⮬ 㡥⥫쭮  ࠪ᪠ ஭ ⮩ ணࠬ, 
 મ ࠦ 諨 ࠢ⥫ ⥭樨"40.
.., ᫥ ⥪ "᪨" ..ய⪨, ⬥砥  ᫨  ᮥ ⢥  
䨧᪮ 㤠,     ⥮ਥ ண ..஢,  㤮᪮ ⨪ 㤠⢠ 
 쭮 ᪮ ⢥ ᨬ 騭,  ६   樠쭮 ॢ樨 
 ⠫,  栭   ᪨ ᢮,  室 "ࠪ᪮ 
⮢⥫쭮 ࠡ",  ४  ﬨ ..஢   ᮢ  窮 ७ 
᭮⥫ 娧 ..㭨,  ᮥ  -    I ୠ樮,  
室, ४ ᫨ ..㭨,  । ⢠ ᥤ,   祩 
ய.   ந檨,  ⬥砫  ய⪨ ६  ࣠ 
ॢ樮 ⨨. "⠪, "᪠" ..ய⪨     楫 ࠦ 
⮯᪨-樠᪨ 冷 童 讣 ⢠ ய, 冷,  
﫨 ⠢   ॢ樮-᪮   楫. "᪠"  
ࠦ ࠧ,    ⥬ ᫮  ⨢稢 ⢥ ⭮襭  ᨨ  
ࢮ ⨫⨥ ᫥ ⬥ ९⭮ ࠢ,  ⢮ -०    ᥡ 
誠 娩   ⠭,  騩 ஫ਠ  ⮫쪮 㯠   
⥫쭮  ᫮  ॢ饭    ᥡ    ᥡ. 樮-
ࠧ稭, 㯠  ⢥    , 뢠   ﭨ   
। ⮯᪨, 㠧  ᢮ ꥪ⨢ 魮, ।⠢   
樠쭮 ன⢠"41.
 ࠧ, ..,  ᬮ७ "᪨" ..ய⪨  뤥    
⢥ ⮢,  楫 業  ᪨ ।   ⨢. ᬠਢ 
窨 ७ 㣨 ਪ,  த  ६ ८ 奬⨧  ᢥ饭 
த⢠ ࢮ  70- ,   ᬠਢ    ਧ  
㭨,  ࠭  ७ ॢ樮஢.  "ࠧ⥫" 
 ⮣ ᫥⥫, ⢥, ७   த ,  ਢ   
१ ய᪨,    뢮.
襩 த⨢  ⭮襭 ணࠬ ᪨ ..ய⪨ ⫨  
..⥭࣠.  㦥 㪠뢠  業  娢 ࠧ᪠,  ⢥न  㪥 
 ⥪ "᪨",    ᪠  㦤 . 襭 ᬮॢ  
 ᢨ⥫⢠  ஠஢ ᮤঠ "᪨", ⥭ 襫  ࠧ㬭 뢮  
⮬,    "...諨 ࠦ   稥  ॢ樨, ࠪ᪮ ⥫쭮  
த, ୮ 㦤訥 㭥 ᮢ "宦  த"42. ।   ய⪨ 
⥭ ⬥砥 ० ᥣ ⠢   樠쭮 ॢ樨, ࠢ ࣠樮 
ਭ樯 ॢ樮 ⨨  ⨢ 砥騭. "   ࠦ ॡ 
ᠬ த,    室  ᮧ⥫  ⥫ ।⠢⥫ ⢠  
த᪨ ࠡ".  ᠥ ॢ樮 ⥫樨,   "   த, 
 ᫨  "43, ࠧ த ᢮ ਭ樯, ࠭ . " ࠢ⢠, 
஢襭  ᪥, - ⠥ ..⥭, -  㡮 ॢ樮 .  뫠 
ࠢ ⨢ 쥣   頫  ﭨ ⢠, 
⠢襣  쭮 ࠢ,  ࠢ 襭 ୮   ᨨ. [...]  
⢫  ࠢ⢠ ।   ⨣㤠⢥  ⨧"44.
..⥭  쥧 ਫ   "᪨" ..ய⪨   㣨 ணࠬ 
㬥⮢ த⢠.   ⮫쪮 㯮  ⮬,    ⠫ ᫥⥫,   
ᮯ⠢ ""  㣨 㬥⠬,    ६ ᮧ. ᫥ ﭨ 
"砩楢"  "", ..⥭ ,    楫 ࠦ "஥ ப 㣠 
ॢ樮஢,   ⮫쪮  ⢠  ⠢⥫"45.
  ⮬, ᪮쪮  ணࠬ ᪥ ..ய⪨ ࠦ  㦪 "砩楢", 
᫥   䨨 ய⪨, ᠭ 騬 祭-ய⪨ ..㬮. 
 ⠥,  ࢠ  "᪨" ᤥ -ய⪨᪨,   ன   ஢७ 
童 㦪 "砩楢"  ࣥ  ᪢. ⠭ ᪮ ࠢ⢠,  ய⪨  
  "᪥",   ⨣ ⥬ 㤠⢥ ࣠樨  ⢠?- 
䥤樨 ᪨ 騭  ࠡ ⥫. ..㬮 室,  ᫮ ࠢ⢠  
"᪥"  易  童 ᠬ ᥡ ࠡ뢠 ।⢠    
㤮, ਢ஢ ⢥ 㤠   ⢮. ய⪨  ⠫ 
  㭨   ᥬ⭮ 誮-᪨46. 㬮  ᮮ⢥⢨  
饯ਭ⮩ ਮ᪮ ࠤ樥 ⬥砥,  ࢠ  "᪨" ய⪨ 栫 
㤠⢮,   ᪨ ᢮,  祬  娧.   ᥬ ⠫쭮 ய⪨ 
ᮧ  ⮯ "ଥ 㭨",  ன, , ࠫ   ᭮ 
ਭ樯 娧?- ਭ樯 ᢮ 筮47.
᫥⢨ ⠫ 㣫㡨  冷  ..ய⪨,  ⮬ ᫥?-   ਠ 
 "᪨", ..म᪠. ⢥न⥫쭮 ⢥  , "    ᬮ७ 
 饣 ?",  ய⪨ "䠪᪨ ᯠਢ 쬠   ॢ樮 
। 70-   ७ 㭨. 稭騩 ॢ樮 ⠫ 室 ࠧ ᢮ 
, ६, 楫 ᨬ  ⥯  ⢫,  直 ࠪ᪨ 
࠭祭"48. म᪠ ⠥,  ⮫ 娨 ..㭨  ᬠਢ 騩 ,  
 ய⪨  ᨫ ⤠  ࠧࠡ⪥.  㭨 ॢ - ࠧ⥫쭠 , 
 த 樠쭮 樨, ய⪨  祭  ᮧ⥫묨 㭪ﬨ ॢ樨, 
⢮⢮ , ᮧ  ⢥ .    ⮢  ࠧ稩 墠祭 
म᪮ ୮,   楫  譥 ७.   ய⪨ । ᢮   
"᪨ 㭨"  ⫨稥  "㭨 ୮" .  .. ய⪨᪨ 
"᪨ 㭨"    "யਠ  ⮫쪮 । ந⢠,   ᥣ 
ᮧ த,      饭, - , , த⮢. ⭠ 
ᮡ⢥ ⬥﫠  ⮫쪮  ।⢠ ந⢠ - ஢  猪 筠 
ᮡ⢥. ࠧ    㯨  ⢨ ਭ樯 "᪮ 㭨" - " 
 ॡ". ஢襭  ᨧ ਭ樯 "   ᯮᮡ -   
"  ⨪ ய⪨  ᫥⥫"49.
 ⨢稨  ᪠ ..म᪠ ⠥,  "।ᬠਢ யਠ  㯭 
[ᮡ⢥ -..], ய⪨  㢥७,    ᮡ⢥,    
᭥, ᠬ ᪠  ⢫, 㢨 २⢠ ⨢"50.  "१ 
⨪訩 "ଥ 樠" [.  . - ..], ய⪨  ᢮ ⮯ 쭮 
㦨 室⢮   "51.
 ࠧ, ਪ .., ..⥭, .., ..ந檨, ..㬮, 
..म᪠ த   ࠡ ⭮⥫쭮 ணࠬ ᪨ 
..ய⪨.   ⥬  室   ᪮॥ ᢮  "᪨"  㦤 
㪥 ᪨ ⠬, 易⥫ ᪨ ࠢ  ᪨ 奬.  
  ।  㬥  ᫥饩 樨 娧   ᪮?-  ⭮. 
쪮   ﭨ ᪨ ய⪨ "    ᬮ७  饣 
?"   ᫥騥 ணࠬ ਠ ᨩ᪮ த⢠  ॢ樮஢ 
.
         
1.  ⮬ .:  .. 㦮 砩楢  ய । ᪨ ࠡ  砫 1870- 
.?// ࣠  뫪. 1929.N 12(61);  .. ⢥   ᨨ  60-70-  XIX 
. .1958;  ..  ࠪ⨪  "砩楢" // ..設.   諮.  
ᯮ  ॢ樮  70-  XIX . ., , 1973. C.299-338; ஫ 
.. "  ᪨ ࠡ"  ॢ樮 ࠡ祥  70-  XIX   
ࣥ. ., 1946;  ..  讣 ⢠ ய (1869-1874). 
஧, 1963;  .
2. ய⪨ .. ᪨ ॢ樮. .: , 1990. C.290.
3. 設 ..   諮.  ᯮ  ॢ樮  70-  XIX . 
.: , 1973. C.137.
4.  . C.193.
5. .: 樮 த⢮ 70-  XIX . ., 1964. .1: 1870-1875 . C.11.
6.  . C.409-410.
7. ய⪨ 栫 ᢮ ⢮, 뤠 ""  稭 "  ᪨ ࠭⮢", 
"... 諠  樠쭮 ८ࠧ, ஥ ᬠਢ  ਬ⥫쭮  ᨨ" (, 
䮭 ⠬ 樨, . 1, ..209, .148).
8. ᪠ ..    ..ய⪨ ()?// ୨ ⥩, 饭   
ய⪨.  ।. .஢, .. .; .:  㤠, 1922.
9.  ..  ..ய⪨  ॢ // 祭 ᪨ ᪮ . -. , 1989. 
.241:   䨫䨨. . XIII. C.124-150.
10. .: 樮 த⢮ 70-  XIX . C.115.
11.  . C.106-107.
12. ய⪨ .. ᪨ ॢ樮. C. 274-275.
13. 設 ..   諮. C.204.
14. 宬஢ .. ᯮ. .; ., 1927. C.78-79.
15.  .. 樮  ᥬ    193-. ., 1928. C.69, 118.
16. . : ⥭ ..  ॢ樮 த⢠. த᪨ 㦪  "宦  
த"  70-  XIX . ., 1965. C.239.
17. ᪨ .. .  .: ..᪨. ⨢ த⢮ 70-  //  襣. 
1913. N 6. C.249.
18. 쬮 ..୨ ..設, 㥬 ᫥  ᢮ ᯮ (設 ..  
 諮. C.212).
19. .: 樮 த⢮ 70-  XIX . C.409.
20. 設 ..   諮. C.209.
21. .  " ।樨", । 㯮 㡫 "᪨"  ᡮ୨ " 
 ᥥ ய⪨" (.21-24).
22.  ..    ய⪨ // ୨ ⥩, 饭   ய⪨. .; 
.:  㤠, 1922. C.14.    㣮 稭 ய⪨,     
, ࠡ  ॢ樮 ⥫⭮   ⮢ 樠쭮 ॢ 
 ᢮ 砫  "᪨".
23. .:  .. 㦮 砩楢  ய...
24. 設 ..   諮. C.21.
25. ., ਬ:  ᪢. ., 1954. .IV; ન ਨ ࠤ. .; ., 1952. .II. 
⢥騥  ᠭ ... . ⠪   "⢥   ᨨ  
60-70-  XIX .".
26. 設 ..   諮. C.300.
27. 樮 த⢮ 70-  XIX . C.100-101.
28. 쬨 .. ᪠ ᥪ ࢮ ୠ樮. ., 1957. C.398.
29. த᪠ ᪠ . ࠭ ந. ., 1958. C.655.  
室    ᡮ୨,     ᮣ  ᭮ ..⠥. 
 "᪥" ய⪨   "ணࠬ ॢ樮 ய"  ࠧ稩.  ⢥ 
  ⥬,   ᠫ ࠧ .
30.  .
31. .:  .. 樮᪨ ७ ..ய⪨: . . ... . . . ., 
1970;  .. ஡ ॢ樮   㤠 ..ய⪨: . . ... . 
. . ., 1986.
32. 楢 .. ய⪨. .: ਤ. -, 1989.
33. ન ..  ய⪨. : -. . -, 1992. C.156-158.  ⮬   
।  ᤥ   㪮 ࠭讬  㣨 મ (.: ⥭ .. 
 ॢ樮 த⢠. C.230).
34. .: ᪨ .. ᪨ ७ ᪮ 娧?//  ᪮ ᪮ 
᫨. ., 1966. .3, .1. C.499-500.
35. ⨮ .., ஢ .. ᪠ 䨫 IX - XIX . ., 1970. C.529;  . 2- . ., 
1989. C. 621.
36. ந檨 .. 讥 ⢮ ய 1871-1874 (⠪ 뢠 "砩"). ⮢, 1963. 
C.58-62.
37.  . C.70.
38.  . C.62.
39.  ..    ਮ᪮ ⥭樨 //  ਨ . 1984. N 6, 
C.33-45.
40.  ..  讣 ⢠ ய. C.95.
41.  . C.94-95.
42. ⥭ ..  ॢ樮 த⢠. C.236.
43.  . C.234, 235.
44.  . C.231-232.
45.  . C.237.
46. .: 㬮 ..  ᥥ ய⪨. .: 㪠, 1972. C. 71.
47. . ⠬ . 72.
48. म᪠ .. ᫥᫮ // ..ய⪨. ᪨ ॢ樮. .: 1990. C. 476.
49.  . C.477.
50.  .
51.  . C.479.
